Anti-doping Measures and Technology Advancement

Numerous competitors and athletes and ladies on the planet have at once or another played with utilizing execution improving medications so as to boost their odds of winning in the rivalries (Houlihan, 2002).The utilization of these medications is frequently alluded to as doping. It is exploitative as it gives clients points of interest over different competitors who are not utilizing the medications subsequently absence of fairness in the opposition. Aside from this, they represent a genuine danger to the strength of the users.Examples incorporate steroids, testosterone, strychnine, Benzedrine, erythropoietin among others. Adding to the rundown of doping are innovation strategies, for example, quality adjustment and ionized shirts, intense these shirts have not yet been arranged in the doping list. Execution improving medications have for quite a while been a significant worry to sports coordinators who have continually attempted to stop the propensity. Doping has existed in the gam es world for whatever length of time that possible.According to Dimeo (2007), the principal execution improving substances were utilized as right on time as 1807. Anyway most were herbs and fluids that were eaten or smashed. The principal genuine utilization of execution enhancers were seen in 1904 in the Olympics.However formal doping tests possibly began in the late 1960s when sports associations saw the need to put an equivalent stage for all competitors to guarantee reasonable rivalry. Execution enhancers were prohibited from the Olympics in 1968 by the International Olympic council (IOC).The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was framed in November 1991 drove by IOC to advance the battle against utilization of medications in sports. It planned for advancing the battle through coordination from different partners on the planet. In 2004, the World Anti-Doping Code was actualized by different games associations making rules and guidelines overseeing sports to be bound together in num erous nations not long before the Olympic game in Athens, Greece.Currently, more than 200 nations are signatories of the WADA Code. WADA imparts its principles about execution improving medications and punishments utilizing the restricted rundown which is refreshed each year to provide food for any progressions and new disclosures (David, 2008).DiscussionThe advancement in innovation and pharmacology has consistently made a danger these associations' capacity to adapt to drugs in sports. Makers have been so tricky when making execution improving medications that strategies and mechanical assembly used to test for drugs among competitors appear to pass up certain medications in the sportsmen.According to Tansey (2008) of the San Francisco Chronicle, sports doping identification is a regularly finishing science which needs to continue being refreshed. Generally, pee tests were utilized to distinguish illicit examples in sportsmen.Steroid dopers have consistently stayed in front of the counter doping associations as they continue creating new architect steroids that are increasingly hard to recognize utilizing the current advancements accessible in WADA and different associations. Utilization of manufactured development hormones which are difficult to separate from normal development hormones has not helped in the counter doping campaigns.The latest innovation in execution improving is the ionized shirts known as ionX created in New Zealand. These shirts are made of textures containing negative particles which are accepted to improve execution when ionization happens after contact with the body. Ionized shirts have not been named doping and examinations are as yet being completed to decide the science behind them.The Speedo LZR racer bathing suits are supposed to be a type of innovative doping. It came as an unexpected when thirty eight world records were set inside months of Speedo's presentation of their bathing suits. It was additionally said that surprisingly normal swimmers showed higher velocities than would be expected.Gene doping is another innovation where competitors and other athletes and ladies utilize hereditary alteration so as to improve their performance.Also known as hereditary building, this is where qualities are embedded into cells to create certain imperfections, for example, remedy of hereditary mistakes. In sports qualities are adjusted to modify the working of the cells to such an extent that the qualities embedded assistance the competitor perform better (Tamburrini and Tannsjo, 2005).This as a rule occurs regarding improved muscle advancements. Quality adjustment was added to the rundown of precluded strategies and substances by the International Olympic Committee. Be that as it may, innovation required to perform trial of deciding hereditary alteration in competitors are very mind boggling. WADA is as yet accomplishing more examination to battle this progressed doping strategy.

Marketing Mixmarketing Mix Essay

1. Advertising Research : another item procedure will at last should be tried through center gatherings, telephone overviews and beta tests. Center gatherings are meetings where organization chiefs watch shoppers through a single direction reflect. An arbitrator or questioner will ask the shoppers inquiries identified with the company’s item idea, including their preferences, abhorrences and proposals for the item. This data is normally assessed later to help change the item idea. After center gatherings, organizations use telephone studies to get an increasingly dependable example about the market’s response to the item. 2. Item Positioning: Product situating is a â€Å"best practice† procedure utilized for both new and existing items. Little organizations normally utilize a network when building up an item situating lattice. The target of item situating is to figure out which fragment of the market to put an item. Organizations frequently utilize two significant item factors in an item situating grid. For hot grain, these factors may incorporate â€Å"price† and â€Å"time to cook.† The item cost can be low or high, and an opportunity to cook the oat can be moderate or speedy. Thus, sections for hot oat might be low value/fast to cook, low value/slow to cook, significant expense/speedy to cook or significant expense/slow to cook. A little organization will ordinarily plot its current items just as serious items inside the different portions. The portion with minimal measure of plotting focuses may demonstrate an open door for the organization, as that specific fragment is under-served. Spot of Distribution Strategies Contingent upon the kind of item being disseminated there are three basic dispersion procedures accessible: 1. Escalated dispersion: Used regularly to convey low evaluated or motivation buy items eg chocolates, sodas. 2. Selective appropriation: Involves restricting circulation to a solitary outlet. The item is generally exceptionally evaluated, and requires the delegate to put a lot of detail in its sell. A case of would be the offer of vehicles through selective sellers. 3. Specific Distribution: few retail outlets are picked to circulate the item. Specific conveyance is regular with items, for example, PCs, TVs family unit apparatuses, where shoppers are happy to look around and where producers need a huge land spread. Valuing Strategies 1. Infiltration valuing: Here the association sets a low cost to build deals and piece of the pie. When piece of the overall industry has been caught the firm may well at that point increment their cost. A TV satellite organization sets a low cost to get endorsers at that point builds the cost as their client base increments. 2. Skimming valuing: The association sets an underlying significant expense and afterward gradually brings down the cost to make the item accessible to a more extensive market. The goal is to skim benefits of the market layer by layer. A games comfort organization decreases the cost of their support more than 5 years, charging a premium at dispatch and most reduced cost close to an incredible finish cycle. 3. Rivalry valuing: Setting a cost in correlation with contenders. Actually a firm has three choices and these are to value lower, value the equivalent or cost higher. A few firms offer a cost coordinating assistance to coordinate what their rivals are adverti sing. Advancement Strategies 1. Advertising: Involves creating positive associations with the association media open. The craft of good advertising isn't just to get ideal exposure inside the media, however it is additionally includes having the option to deal with effectively negative consideration. 2. Web Marketing: Promoting and selling your administrations internet utilizing different types of web based showcasing strategies, for example, standard ads, recordings or web-based social networking. 3. Sponsorship: Where you pay an association to utilize your image or logo. This association for the most part has a prominent with the goal that you realize that your image will be seen by a huge crowd. Most regular utilization of sponsorship is with games. The 2012 Olympics being held in London is being supported by various associations, for example, Mcdonalds and Coca-Cola as the occasion will draw in an overall crowd that will run into several millions.

How to Become a Child Psychologist

How to Become a Child Psychologist Student Resources Careers Print How to Become a Child Psychologist By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 24, 2019 Steve Debenport / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips If you love working with children, then maybe you have also considered a career as a child psychologist. These professionals attend specifically to the psychological concerns of children, making it an exciting career choice for many students interested in child development and mental health. Before you decide if this career path is the best choice for you, learn more about the job duties, educational requirements and job outlook for child psychologists in this career overview. What Is a Child Psychologist? A child psychologist is a type of psychologist who studies the mental, social and emotional development of children. Typically, child psychologists look at development from the prenatal period through adolescence. Some of the major topics of interest in this field of psychology include genetics, language development, personality, gender roles, cognitive development, sexual development, and social growth. Child psychologists may work with a range of clients including infants, toddlers, children, and teens or they may specialize in working with a particular age group. No matter what population a child psychologist chooses, his or her focus will be on helping understand, prevent, diagnose and treat developmental, cognitive, social and emotional issues. Some related career options include: Abnormal child psychologist work with children suffering from psychological disorders including anxiety, mood and personality disorders.Adolescent psychologist  work with adolescent clients between the ages of 12 and 18 who suffer from psychological illness or distress including eating disorders, depression or anxiety.Developmental psychologist  may study childhood development, but may also focus on development throughout the entire lifespan.School psychologist  work within the educational system to help children with emotional, social and academic issues.Educational psychologist  involves the study of how people learn, including topics such as student outcomes, the instructional process, individual differences in learning, gifted learners and learning disabilities. What Does a Child Psychologist Do? So what exactly does the average child psychologist do during a typical day? The answer to this question can vary a great deal depending upon exactly where a child psychologist works. Some professionals counsel young clients in therapeutic situations while others work in research to explore different aspects of child psychology including giftedness and development disabilities. While specific job duties depend on where a child psychologist chooses to specialize, a few of the typical tasks may include: Diagnosing and treating learning or developmental disabilitiesWorking with clients to manage behavioral issuesAdministering psychological testsConducting scientific research on childhood developmentWorking with a healthcare team to create a unique treatment plan for a client Educational Requirements While there are some opportunities in the field of child psychology with a masters degree, most people will find that job options are more plentiful at the doctoral level. There are some programs that offer a degree in child psychology, but many choose to earn a Ph.D. or PsyD degree in either clinical or counseling psychology. The American Psychological Association reports that nearly 75 percent of all doctorate psychology degrees are Ph.D.’s, but the PsyD is becoming an increasingly popular option for those interested more in professional practice rather than research. After earning a degree, child psychologists must complete a supervised clinical internship that usually lasts two years and then pass state and national tests in order to become licensed in the state they wish to work. For this reason, it is important to check with your state to determine the licensing requirements. Work Settings Child psychologists may be employed in a variety of settings including schools, courts, hospitals and mental health clinics. Those employed in school settings often diagnose learning disorders, counsel students, conduct assessments and work with families to help students cope with academic problems, social issues or disabilities. Some individuals may work in court settings to help young clients who have come into contact with the criminal justice system, help prepare children to testify in court or work with children in the middle of child custody disputes. Child psychologists who work in hospitals or private mental health offices often work directly with clients and families to overcome or cope with psychological illnesses. These professionals evaluate clients, diagnose mental disorders, administer psychological tests and conduct therapy sessions among other things. Job Outlook According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the U.S. Department of Labor, the job outlook for psychologists is expected to grow faster than the average rate for all professions through the year 2026. Job prospects are expected to be the strongest for those who hold a doctorate degree in an applied specialty area. The increased awareness of child mental health should also help spur the demand for child psychologists. Salary Salaries for child psychologists can vary based upon geographic location, the sector of employment, educational background and years of experience in the field. The U.S. Department of Labor reports that the median salary for child psychologists is just over $76,900 a year, with salaries ranging from a low of $43,800 to a high of almost $130,000 for the top 10 percent. A Word From Verywell Before you decide if a career as a child psychologist is right for you, spend some time considering the potential benefits and drawbacks of this profession. Assess your own interests and goals, and then consider how becoming a child psychologist might help you achieve your professional and personal aims.

Are Interventions With Children And Adolescents At Risk Of...

Are interventions with children and adolescents at risk of future offending effective? Discuss. CCJ10 Introduction to forensic psychology Brooke Williamson Student id- S5070501 Unit coordinator- Nicola Cheyne Research has shown that often there are risk factors involved during childhood and adolescence which predict the likelihood of an individual becoming involved in crime later in life. Such a discovery begs the question if intervening and therefore reducing these risk factors would prevent future criminality. This essay firstly will begin by explaining what is meant by children and adolescents at risk and a brief overview of the factors that can put them at risk. Secondly, it will use a longitudinal study to show that these risk factors have been associated with future offending. Thirdly a definition will be given of interventions and how they can be a useful way to prevent risk factors leading to future offending. Fourthly a study will be discussed to show a possible relationship between mental illness in a parent relating to risk factors in the child. Fourthly exploring three different methods of intervention and demonstrate their effectiveness in reducing particular risk factors rel ated to future offending, with a focus on child behavior. Lastly this essay will conclude that interventions can be a useful way to reduce risk factors and therefore help prevent future offending as a result. Generally, when referring to childhood this indicates the age fromShow MoreRelatedClassicism, Positiveism Adn Social Construction1165 Words   |  5 Pagesreference to the learning activities in Week 2, discuss the purpose and functions of the youth justice system in England and Wales in terms of your own practice and experience. Introduction In this assignment I am going to discuss the purpose and functions of the Youth Justice System. I will start by exploring the build up to the legislations that underpins the Youth Justice System which is the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. I will also discuss the purpose and functions of Youth Justice SystemRead MoreBiological Explanations Of Forensic Psychology1283 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological interventions being implemented in order to reduce crime and reoffending. The interventions that are currently used will be evaluated throughout this essay in relation to their effectiveness as a means of intervention. Firstly, the long term effects of being under malnourished in regards to criminal behaviour will be discussed and then an intervention will be analysed in regards to supplementation of vitamins to prisoners. This essay will then go on to discuss how effective malnutritionRead MoreIdentifying the Factors which Are Likely to Result in Greater Delinquency among Abused Children27 64 Words   |  12 Pagesthe aim of avoiding these problems in future and also trying to identify the most effective methods of handling juvenile offenders. One of the main causes of delinquency is maltreatment, especially during the early stages of life. This has been identified as the main risk factor for delinquency among children. However, there are variations in maltreated children who later become juvenile delinquents. Recent studies show that a significant percentage of children who are abused do not necessarily becomeRead MoreKidney Disease Can Affect Children In Various Ways, Ranging1689 Words   |  7 PagesKidney disease can affect children in various ways, ranging from treatable disorders without long-term consequences to life-threatening conditions. According to Inker et al. (2014), Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines defines acute renal failure (ARF) as the sudden loss of kidney function, generally occurring over the course of hours to days and resulting in the retention of metabolic waste products and dysregulation of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. TheRead MoreIntroduction:. There Are Programs That Are Designed To1630 Words   |  7 Pagesreduce risk factors in the societal contexts where children are perceived as deviant. These programs are used as an effort to change or create a routine that puts into practice a crime prevention setting. These programs are initiated by the federal government and uses some tax payers money to support the groups. To prevent crime we must understand what it takes to deter crime in the real world, who is most at risk and if there are benefits to trying to intervene in the lives of young children in theRead MoreMental Health And The Juvenile Justice System3436 Words   |  14 Pagesillness in the criminal justice system is one of the most pressing problems facing law enforcement and corrections today (Cuellar, McReynolds, Wasserman, 2006). The Surgeon General’ s Report on Mental Health estimated that about 20% of children and adolescents in the general population have mental disorders with some degree of at least mild functional impairment (USPH, 1999). Subsequent research has found much higher rates of serious mental health problems among youth in the juvenile justice systemRead MoreWhat Are the Major Issues That Cause Inner City Youth to Join Gangs and Become Delinquent? Discuss Whether the New Labour Government’s Policies Have Been Effective in Solving These Issues?8138 Words   |  33 PagesSOCIAL POLICY PROJECT MODULE: SS3P02N Question: What are the major issues that cause inner city youth to join gangs and become delinquent? Discuss whether the New Labour Government’s policies have been effective in solving these issues? 2010 Project by: Alice Mutumba Student No: 05038460 CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Summary The perception that gang culture in relation to youth crime is growing in the UK is intensified by the media, it is very rare to read a daily paper these days withoutRead MoreDoes the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals - Rational Choice, Self-Control and Crime.Pdf14337 Words   |  58 PagesJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency http://jrc.sagepub.com/ Does the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals? Rational Choice, Self-Control, and Crime Bradley R. E. Wright, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt and Ray Paternoster Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2004 41: 180 DOI: 10.1177/0022427803260263 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/41/2/180 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalfRead MoreFamily Violence : A Social And Public Health Issue Essay2311 Words   |  10 Pagesrelationships. This type of violence is both a significant social and public health issue as it can cause economic and political ramifications. This paper will discuss the issue of family violence, factors that lead to this type of violence and its impact on individuals, their families and local communities. It will also discuss who is potentially at risk to exposure to this violence, promotion principles of mental health regarding both perpetrators and victims and the role of the nurse during family violenceRead MoreA Review of Coping Skills for Early Sexual Abuse Victims8961 Words   |  36 PagesRunning head: A REVIEW OF COPING SKILLS FOR EARLY SEXUAL ABUSE VICTIMS Laverne A. Marks Child and Adolescent Development u10a1 Integrative Project: Chapters I–V Dr. Lohr June 14,2013 A Review of Coping Skills for Sexual Abuse Victims Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Chapter 1: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Theoretical Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-8 Chapter 2: Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8-14

The Darkest Spot Of Human Society Poverty - 2179 Words

The darkest spot in human society : Poverty Poverty does not have one definition that covers the whole topic. It is a complicated, multi-stage concept which revolves around many sub-topics. But most commonly ‘poverty’ is used to refer to the lack of access to basic resources and human needs such as food, clean water, sanitation/hygiene, education and capital. By capital, I mean wealth, specifically self-sustaining because health and happiness play equally as much importance as money. Most people categorize the issue poverty as having little or no money but in fact it consists of many more prospects and smaller issues .Majority of the social, global and economic issues in our world today are all consequences of poverty. It is not only the largest global and social crisis, but it is also the reason behind many other social issues such as: child prostitution/abuse, hunger and terrorism. Smaller issues such as overfilled orphanages, institutional control over consumer prices and low pay wages are also indirect result s of poverty. Several issues like, hunger and illness as shown in the book, are both causes and consequences of poverty for example : not having clean water means you are poor, but being poor also means you can t afford clean water, making poverty one of the most complicated and interconnected social and economic issues of our time. Through the past few decades and very quickly after the industrial age the human society has transformed in a way that the lack ofShow MoreRelatedSimilarites Between The Hunchback Of Notre Dame and Les Miserables1268 Words   |  6 PagesVictor Hugo uses themes that reoccur in both The Hunchback Of Notre Dame and Les Miserables. He clearly states the plights of the century and the great eternal questions that humans have the desire to know but do not have the courage to ask. In Hugo’s novels, modern readers will be enthralled with the larger than life characters and their incessant battle with evil. The two novels have more similarities than differences. They include paradox and irony, a romantic tone, obsession and betrayal as themesRead MoreThe World Of The 21st Century2489 Words   |  10 Pageswhere it grew seven times larger. Today cities like Dhaka, Kinshasa and Lagos have grown up to forty times each in just half of the time. In China, Mike cites David Drakakis-Smith stating that the country is urbanizing at a speed unprecedented in human history - added more city dwellers in the 80s than did all of Europe and Russia in the entire nineteenth century! (page 2). At first glance, it can seem completely positive that so many cities are growing rapidly. Perhaps if other cities couldRead MoreDeportation: Immigration to the United States and Illegal Alien2373 Words   |  10 Pagesoffice of Haiti air in Florida that the airplane left Haiti with more than 30 Haitian illegal on board. The first few 2 hours spent at the arrival office was like a discovery of a new world for every single illegal in that group. This was one of the darkest and the most memorable moment so far in all my 39 years living. Getting here at the end of the Clinton administration followed by an 8 years battle with the Immigration under the Bush-Ashcroft era, shaped my entire life forever and for the betterRead MoreExposing The Treatment Of Young Women3029 Words   |  13 PagesIndia has changed dramatically throughout the history of India. Women who were once put on pedestals, worshipped for their ‘Motherly† ways. Now they have a status that hardly holds the m above the fine line, a line that decides if you hold your basic human rights or not. Women are a trade in this country. Young women, who are taking the foremost brunt of this brutality, are forced into marriages to uphold status in a community, raped, and stripped of their rights, this including education. With no respectRead MoreMain Aspects of the Holocaust Essay8177 Words   |  33 Pagesto Germany in 1913, where he served his new country as they lost WW1. After the war, he returned to Germany, where he found a country in an economic and cultural mess. Everywhere he turned his eyes were met with scenes of starvation, poverty, desperation and bloody street fights everywhere. People were in despair after the war, revolutions were happening everywhere, each having their own answer which the German people craved in order to stop their country being the economicRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 PagesTHE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov NASA SP-482 THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov Prepared by Langley Research Center Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1985 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA andRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesTHE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov NASA SP-482 THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov Prepared by Langley Research Center Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1985 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsoredRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLandscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New AmericanRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUnderstanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages many of whom announced an identical strategic focus and rushed to invest in biopharmaceuticals and cancer RD. Summary Pharmaceutical companies are facing their toughest outlook in a decade. The industry has made a tremendous contribution to human well-being, yet is viliï ¬ ed in the media and targeted by governments in their efforts to curb spiralling health care costs. RD, in-licensing and sales and marketing costs have risen sharply, but productivity is down and the product life cycle has shortened

Danger of Cell Phone Free Essays

In 2010, Opera Winfred, a talk show host, dedicated her show to nearly 500,000 people that re Injured and 6,000 that are killed each year because drivers are talking and testing while operating. Statistics and also real life events show If a person Is testing, talking and emailing on a mobile device while operating a motor vehicle Is a threat on the road. Fox News reported on 2008, a California Metro Link train carrying passenger collided with a freight train because the engineer who’s responsible for deleting the train was testing. We will write a custom essay sample on Danger of Cell Phone or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now only the engineer In question was kill but also 25 Innocent passengers, making it the deadliest accident to date that involved the use of mobile device. Studies show the use of mobile device can become an addiction just like a drug, which can ruin relationships, distract you from dangerous event and also initiate dangerous scenario. Huffing Post conducted a research call â€Å"Are You Addicted to Your Cell Phone? † Huffing Post concluded in their survey that 66 percent of American is afraid to be separated from their phone. Why is that percentage bad? It is bad because those individual who are afraid to be separated from there phone are addicted which resulted to neglect to other human body. This addiction also causes relationship breakup, family neglect and even made people lose their jobs. There is also some health concerns and risk that involves using your cell phone. As of 2010, there are over 303 million cell phone subscriber in the United State, according to Cellular telecommunication and Internet Association. A research was conducted by The National Cancer Institute showing cell phones emit radionuclide energy, a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues closet to where the phone is held. Ohio State University had conducted a survey showing pedestrians treated in U. S. Emergency rooms for Injuries related to phone use while walking. Since 2005 that number had double. Now today In New York and many other states you will see on some streets the word â€Å"look† printed on the ground for those cell phone user that use their phone while walking. Cell user must beware of all concerns, health Issues and risk that Involve the use of a mobile device. If cell phone holders not able to put his or her cell phone away while operating a motor vehicle It can be a reason for a fatal accident. Someone relationship, love ones and employment could be terminated because of there addiction to a cell phone. Lastly excessive exposure of your hand held device to the cell phone device but Just be mindful of the effects it may cause. How to cite Danger of Cell Phone, Papers

Sample business plan free essay sample

Frost Goddess Posies aims to be a cornerstone in the community creating a neighbourhood atmosphere where customers feel comfortable and become instant regulars. We seek to offer unique and delectable pastries, personalized all-occasion cakes, healthy and organic beverages and fresh, high quality floral arrangements. We will continuously improve all aspects of our business in order to sustain the long-term success of our customers and ourselves. Frost Goddess Posies is dedicated to operating with a constant enthusiasm for learning, being open to implementing new ideas, and maintaining a willingness to adapt to evolving market conditions. Economic Situation Demand for baked and pastry goods is being driven by changing lifestyles, which leaves little time to prepare meals. Busy consumers are increasingly quick to buy convenient baked snack foods such as wraps and sandwiches. According to research from Global Industry Analysts, the global baked goods industry is expected to exceed $310 billion in 2015. The global baked goods market has shown rapid recovery following the economic recession, recording strong growth over recent years. Factors fuelling market expansion include convenience, affordability and health benefits of baked goods products. Demand for healthier fortified baked products has also driven sales. In the Philippines, baking has grown over the last century from a relatively small industry to a large, popular industry. Initially, the island featured mainly independent pastry shops that serviced cities and towns and provided employment to the local people. Nowadays, chain bakeries have increased the number of bakeries in the Philippines and have also lowered the prices of bakery products. Due to the increased demand for pastry products from the population in the Philippines, the pastry industry has grown, leading to it providing greater employment opportunities both in the bakeries and in central management. Most countries with developed economies, as well as a number of developing countries, have strong pastry industries. Bakeries provide necessities to the population in terms of bread, cereals, biscuits, pastries, scones and cake products. Almost every household relies on the consumption of staple products such as bread, and so the pastry industry is able to thrive with this large, reliable demand. Bakeries require skilled bakers as well as other employees to serve customers, meaning the industry provides significant employment opportunities. Many people in their later teen years take up apprenticeships in pastries to learn the trade. It is debatable as to whether or not bakeries will continue to thrive in todays modernized world. This is for the most part down to the rise in the power of supermarket chains. Many supermarkets now provide bread and other bakery products themselves some even have their own bakeries in-store. This is bad news for independent bakeries who struggle to compete with the supermarkets; they are unable to provide the same level of convenience. That said, in most cases the quality of their goods is significantly higher than those sold in supermarkets. It remains to be seen whether the bakery industry will be able to survive when the major supermarkets have such great monopoly power. When it comes to flower shop today as far as economic situation is good, people are motivated to spend money for buying flowers or gifts at your shop and once in a while they may order wedding flowers from your shop. This kind of situation greatly helps your business make reasonable amount of revenue and profit and it looks like you have no serious problems with continuing your floral business. Although the economy is quite good, but when observed that the business in the food and beverages continues to grow continuously, because food is one of the four factors that need to consume for daily life. The small businesses that do not require much investment, you can store your own business as well. Nowadays, customers have high tend to consumption pastry product but they have few choices to choose so we try to create the business of Frost Goddess Posies to support their demand. Pastry shops are popular businesses because the sale of baked goods is not hugely affected by economic factors; products like bread will always be required, and in large quantities. They are also popular for first-time entrepreneurs because of the (comparatively) low start-up costs. It’s also easy to specialise – adding an additional service in order to bolster income and stand out from the crowd. Awareness of high quality baked goods is on the rise. Our company is pastry and flower shop under name Frost Goddess Posies that located at Gualberto Avenue Poblacion C Rosario, Batangas. We start as an idea of having a pastry shop who will give all-in-one services to the customer. The proposed company Frost Goddess Posies is in the early stages of development. Our pastry products will be offered with a variety of flavours, frosting, sizes, styles, toppings, and decorations. In addition to retail sales, the shop will sell quality baked goods, personalized cakes and cupcakes, fresh and organic fruit shakes and high quality floral arrangements to the residents and tourists of Rosario, Batangas. We can loosely be described as a quick-service pastry shop where customers sit around a bar and watch their pastries and fruit shakes being made. The show, as well as the product, is our main selling point. It is expected that the majority of revenue in the first year will be derived from in-store retail purchases. However, once the pastry shop has established a good reputation within the community, its primary revenue will most likely be from custom orders for special events. Frost Goddess believes that eating and drinking healthy foods can have a significant impact on a person’s well-being and attitude, especially for those who believe in consuming only natural ingredients. We have many menus to choose and price not expensive. The main menus are seasonal fruit shakes, hot/iced coffee, personalized cakes and cupcakes and floral arrangement. Customers can feel like they eating at home because our services are familiarly and give the best for them because we think we like a customer to know what customers want. Our main target market is residents in the urban areas because Rosario has 7,418 residents. So we provide the place that they can meet, eat and relax together. And other target markets are tourist visiting the nearby area and residents of rural areas. When Frost Goddess first opens, it will host a grand opening to gain consumer awareness. The event will offer free samples of a variety of products offered by the business to achieve consumer interest and desire, which in turn will increase consumer purchases. Community involvement will also greatly promote Frost Goddess as the company shows its participation and intent to contribute to the community. Such involvement will also increase consumer awareness as community members are frequently exposed to the business name. These plans for Frost Goddess are intended to help the business grow more successful and profitable. However, through the use of financial analysis customer surveys, and market share comparisons, the company will be capable of determining which of these strategies truly are productive to help the business thrive. Evaluating the effectiveness of different methods of marketing, Frost Goddess will learn what is needed for the company to be an absolute success. Competitive Advantages Product quality is critical to food industry. For that reason, Frost Goddess Posies will ensure quality product through the use of fresh ingredients, sale of only fresh pastry and floral products and focus on cleanliness. Unlike other pastry shops, Frost Goddess Posies will sell seasonal fruit shakes, cupcakes, and cakes with flavours corresponding to the season. This treats will also only be available for a limited time each year. The establishment will be able to set itself apart by superior ingredients, hard to find specialty items and exceptional flavour. This community has a population of 105,561residences according to 2010 Census of the Municipality. There are no pastry shops in the neighbourhood that offer baked goods, floral arrangements and fruit shakes all-in-one. . The residences of the area have choices, such as Goldilocks Bakeshop but unlike them Frost Goddess Posies provide unique products and services. We can loosely be described as an all-in-one service pastry shop where offers variety of products. Customers sit around a bar and watch their order being made. The show, as well as the product, is our main selling point. Situation of Today’s Competition On today’s market there is a never ending variety of the most delicious sweets and pastries to please both the palate and the eyes. The bakery sector is changing in step with society: people are spending less time eating meals but their demands for quality and traceability are increasing. In recent years there has been a tangible shift within the bakery sector. The industry has witnessed a significant fall in the number of independent bakeries and master bakers which is partly due to the considerable increase of competitors including supermarkets and other convenience outlets. The future of the bakery business rises and falls on the tastes of customers. The willingness of consumers to pay more for specialty breads and pastries depends on the health of the overall economy, and growth in this industry is limited to population growth at approximately 1 percent every year, according to a June 2011 Bakery Industries Snapshot from the Center For Economic Vitality. Most bakery businesses only grow by buying out their competitors or taking a portion of their business . In the Philippines, bakeshops are found in nearly every street or corner. Although Red Ribbon and Goldilocks are among the country’s most popular brands, Julies Bakeshop of the Gandianco family now claims dominance as the countrys largest bread and pastry-maker in terms of number of outlets. The year 2012 was a notable increase in the number of independent small businesses that sold premium- quality artisanal baked goods. Entrepreneurs saw opportunity in higher quality products due to the success of chained premium baked goods stores such as Bread Talk. Better economic conditions in 2012 helped drive the trend for premiumization. Today growing in the pastry industry means always being informed about product trends, new production techniques, new recipes. To cope with the industry, with the difficult market and with competition, a confectioner needs to grow continuously, to be trained, to improve and to increase this product offer.

Physical Vapor Deposition and Inmobilized metal na Essays

Physical Vapor Deposition and Inmobilized metal nanoparticles Student Name: Institutional Affiliation: Course: Date: The application of metal nanoparticles has grown greatly over the past years. Immobilized metallic particles are much easier to fabricate via normal wet chemistry, giving various choices with regard to shape and size CITATION Mar05 \l 1033 [1] . Furthermore, SERS hotspots can be cheaply realized through the aggregation of immobilized metallic particles from their suspensions through the use of salts or any analyte of interest. Nevertheless, the use of aggregated and dispersed immobilized metallic particles as SERS substrates within real analytical complications is limited as a result of the poor modification factor reproducibility. The issue of reproducibility could be solved through advanced metallic nanoparticles immobilization together with some solid support CITATION LeR09 \l 1033 [2] . The easiest SERS experiments are achieved with metallic nanoparticles under the presence of particular analyte concentration [6] . However, suspension of metallic nanoparticles should be mixed with the SERS analyte solution, a sampling demand that may be hampering some applications. Regardless, of the reproducibility and possible sampling shortcomings, metallic nanoparticles are widely used as SERS substrate because of their good stability, high SERS performance and easy fabrication [9] . Furthermore, they promote the formation of more stable metallic particles. Another methodology comprises of generating some SERS substrates through immobilizing the metallic nanoparticles under a planar foundation [10] . The metallic nanoparticles adhesion to solid supports is occasionally so poor and particular immobilization methodologies have to be devised to retain the performance and integrity of SERS substrate over time [5] . For example the chemical attachment of metallic nanoparticles to solid substrates where bi-functional molecules are used for its immobilization CITATION Fre95 \l 1033 [3] . The ideology behind this is to anchor the molecule to the surface through the use of one of its functional sets, hence leaving the other functional set free to bind the metallic nanoparticle. Glass slides surfaces are functionalized with thiol or amine groups with the aid of a surface polymerization procedure coupled with Deeping the functionalized glass to the metallic nanoparticles suspension for some time period CITATION DMM10 \l 1033 [4] . Benefits of using Glass in this case include large enlargement factor, low cost, electrochemical addressability, flexibility with regard to glass surface geometry, better reproducibility as opposed to metallic nanoparticles in suspension and the fact that glass has a less di-electric constant that affects the Rama/SERS signal compared to other substances such as PDMS [7] . Apart from the above approach, some other efficient surface chemical modification avenues exists which have been used to immobilize metallic nanoparticles. For instance, the introduction of amino functionality to a silicon surface through the application of Silane chemistry [2] . The amino group was successively clapped using a carboxyl alkanethiol. The thiol group then reacted with the metallic nanoparticles. SERS substrates could also be achieved through fabricated biochips by soft lithography CITATION Fre95 \l 1033 [3] . A set of nanofabrication technique is established to build nano-pillars frameworks within a silicon wafer as a parent molding copy, then the other nano - wells frameworks on polydimethylsiloxane. PDMS are established through soft lithography [2] . The selection of metallic deposition on the nanowells is used to establish SERS active sites prior to the integration with glass microfluidic that works as a sample deliv ery device as well as an optical transparent window for imaging of the SERS spectroscopic. PDMS is an off the - shelve available chemically and physically stable silicone rubber. It contains some unique flexibility that cannot be compared to glass with shear elastic modulus as a result of one of the lowest glass temperature transition of any polymer. In addition, PDMS are a bit some low change within the shear elastic modulus as opposed to temperature typically no change in elastic modulus versus high compressibility and frequency. Due to its clean process ability, the high flexibility and low temperature, the chances of change to any of its functional components as well as property drift over temperature and time, as opposed to glass, PDMS is suitable for chemical and mechanical sensors as it has many desirable features than can be found in glass when producing SERS signals and further

Ban of medical marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita Essay Example

Ban of medical marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita Essay Example Ban of medical marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita Paper Ban of medical marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita Paper Under 1995 Compassionate Act, it is legal to use, posses, and cultivate medical Marijuana in Santa Clarita. Acquiring, and possessing medical Marijuana is quite easier than any prescribed drug with a doctors presciption. According to the Act, patients are allowed to purchase Marijuana in medical dispensaries, or on the streets provided they have a doctors recommendation, and if they are California residents (Signal). This is usually proved by producing an identity card and a doctors prescription. This is usually used to ensure Marijuana is used, and cultivated for medical purpose, rather than recreational. In many California cities, use of Marijuana is illegal, but in Santa Clarita, it is not a crime to use and cultivate Marijuana as long as the law terms and conditions are applied. Possessing up to twenty eight and half grams of Marijuana is considered as an unarrestable offense, especially if the individual produces sufficient proof to be a resident, and agrees to appear before the court. After conviction for possessing such amounts, a fine of $ 100 is charge, but possessing greater amounts of Marijuana, the offense is considered punishable, and the offender is sentenced in jail for six months, and are charged a fine of $ 500 (MPP). In Santa Clarita, Marijuana is usually found anywhere, especially on sierra highway condos. It is common and popular such that every body between the age of fifteen and twenty five, regardless of color or race. Marijuana has various blends and categories in the city. Among all, medical bud is considered to have greater medical benefit, a factor that makes its price to be higher than others. Marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita are legalized by the States government, to supply medical Marijuana to all people who prove to be California residents, and who have doctors recommendation bas a prove of their illness. With these prove, individuals are allowed to cultivate the recommended amount of Marijuana and to use it at home without being arrested. The law protects doctor recommendation to Marijuana users under condition they use the recommended amounts of Marijuana without exceeding the dose. They are expected to use it solely without selling it to other people (MoI). Reports of various tests and experiments show that marijuana can be used to treat illnesses, and disorders such as; post traumatic stress disorder, severe anxiety, arthritis, migraine,glaucoma anorexia as a result of chemotherapy, HIV/ AIDS among others. However, in Santa Clarita, many people use Marijuana for other purposes other than medical. Not all people who use, posses or cultivate Marijuana are sick. Although they usually produce doctors recommendation to escape arrest, the recommendations are either fake or invalid the substance for recreation purposes, and use doctors recommendation as a shield to cover them up against arrest, conviction and charges (Indalecio 70). This has increased the use, possession and cultivation of Marijuana in Santa Clarita, as it is hard to tell who is using it for medical purpose, and for pleasure. Although Marijuana has medical value, its negative effects outweighs the benefits. This has caused conflict and arguments between Federal and State law in Santa Clarita. The Federal law is against the use, possession and cultivation of Marijuana; considering the substance to have many harmful effects to the users, people in the society, and the environment. States law Considers use of Marijuana to have medical benefits (Jan 42). The city council of Santa Clarita, has voted to ban medical Marijuana dispensaries, against the States law. Arguments on the ban of Medical Marijuana Dispensaries. The Federal law, and its supporters such as the city council of Santa Clarita, argues that majority of of Marijuana users are actually sick, and their health does not require Marijuana, and since they need Marijuana for recreational purposes, they decide to get a doctors recommendation to be able to freely access and use the substance without being arrested, convicted, or being fined. They get Marijuana from legalized Medical Marijuana dispensaries (DrugSense FOCUS Alert). The presciption they use as evidence to doctors recommendation are usually invalid. The users make a deal with doctors who recommend use of Marijuana at a pay. In this case, doctors make many false recommendation in order to get high amounts without considering the harm they are subjecting these individuals to. Medical Marijuana dispensaries end up selling Marijuana to wrong people without knowing that the recommendation is invalid. People study the literature on medicinal uses of Marijuana. They get the knowledge and information about the conditions, and symptoms the substance can treat. With the knowledge, people fake condition that would require prescription of Marijuana. Some of these conditions and illnesses, such as pain cannot be tested in a laboratory, so it becomes hard for doctors to determine the actual health status of the patient. They rely on the information provided by the patients, and which in most cases can not be evidenced. Doctors end up using the clinical signs and symptoms to prescribe Marijuana; the persons interest. Once the doctor has recommended use of Marijuana, the Medical Marijuana dispensaries dispense it without knowing the actual health status and requirement of the of the Marijuana to the user (Weedguru). The fact that Marijuana is common, popular, and allowed to be sold to recommended user at any place makes many people to participate in illegal trade at anyplace. These supplies are located near schools and parks. Easy access motivates young children to use substance, while still at school limiting their concentration and participation school. The process of buying and selling of Marijuana near schools and parks is usually distracting. If the medical Marijuana dispensaries can be banned, supply and use of Marijuana can be reduced, as there would be no legalized suppliers, since many people use the legalized medical Marijuana dispensaries to purchase Marijuana for recreational purposes. Medical Marijuana dispensaries, have influence on crimes. In Santa Clarita, crimes such as robberies, burglaries and sale of illegal drugs, especially outside Marijuana dispensary, are related to Marijuana (Zachariah 408). Medical Marijuana, especially the bud is usually sold at higher cost than the others. The crimes are committed either to earn money to purchase and maintain a consistence access of Marijuana, or by users through the influence of Marijuana. The crimes are increased in urban areas where the medical dispensaries are located. The City Council of Santa Clarita consider having the Marijuana dispensaries banned to reduce the number of crimes. In Santa Clarita, medical Marijuana is legalized but the dispensing Marijuana is against the Federal law (Shohov 121). A ban on legalized Medical Marijuana dispensary would mean destroying the back up of illegal dispensing, and a subsequent collapse. This is likely to reduce the use of Marijuana in Santa Clarita. Marijuana has THC as its active ingredient. Doctors recommend Marijuana as a source of this medically beneficial ingredient, which is believed to relieve and manage pain. Many users argue that banning Medical Marijuana dispensaries will limit the access of this beneficial ingredient of Marijuana , and patients will be be suffering prolonged pain (Brust 140). This argument is not sufficient to oppose the proposed ban of the dispensaries in Santa Clarita, since there are other medicines which are presented in form of pills and injectable which can be used to relieve and manage pain, rather than smoking Marijuana. The pills and injectables can be purchased from pharmacies, and medical facilities meaning that even after the ban of medical Marijuana dispensaries, patients can have pain managed by the other medicines from the pharmacies (Earleywine 148). Although Marijuana manages pain, there are other better, safer, and effective medicines which have negative side effects. Marijuana as medicine, has many negative effects to the user, other people and the environment. Its side effects to the user outweighs its benefits. Tests reports show that pot smoking destroys the respiratory organs, brain, heart, lungs and suppresses the immune system. Reports have associated Marijuana with chronic intractable illnesses especially to the habitual users (Alison and Joy 26). The smoke produced by Marijuana is a toxic pollutant. Studies show that the smoke has about two thousand chemicals which occur in a mix that cannot be be measured, predicted and deter ming their stability is hard. This means that those who use Marijuana are at risk of disorders and illnesses caused by the chemicals in the smoke. The smoke also posses problem to neighbors, since the smoke is emitted to the atmosphere (Alicia 1077). Neighbors of smokers inhale the contaminated atmospheric oxygen, and gets effects similar to the smoker. Although non-smokers suffer the harm without knowing, even with the knowledge, there is nothing they can do to save the situation, but if medical Marijuana dispensaries can be banned, the supply of Marijuana can be limited securing their health. Legalizing medical Marijuana is likely to pave way for legalizing other harmful illegal substances. Since there are other illegal substances containing beneficial medical ingredient, the medical Marijuana dispensaries are likely to dispense other harmful substances claimed to have medical benefits (Gieringer 42). A ban of the existing medical marijuana dispensaries will give a sigh of relief since the probability using other harmful substances will be low. Marijuana has both physical and psychological effects, such as loss of short-term memory, and respiratory related illnesses. Although Marijuana has medicinal ingredients, the medicine can only be taken through smoking, a factor that predisposes the user to illnesses related to smoking. For example, smoking Marijuana is likely to relieve pain, but it increases chances of lung cancer, as the smoke is carcinogenic. Marijuana influences its users to a continuous use. When an individual starts using Marijuana it causes a continuous need making the user to continually use it. Studies show that when Marijuana is used continuously chances of losing motivation in many areas in life increases. Users are likely to be trapped, and its negative influence on users motivation has showed poor performance of the users in their career, studies and other day to day activities. Habitual users of Marijuana have a tendency of forgetting thing after a very short time (Schrag 135). They forget very vital things which causes problems to their health, life, and other peoples in the society. For example, a n habitual user of Marijuana is likely to forget medical appointments causing inconsistence in their treatments. When driving they are likely to forget they are sharing road with other drivers and vehicles, causing accidents. They are likely to lack motivation to attend business meeting, where they are expected to represent their Company, a factor that can make their employers to punish them, or even fire them. People need to perform various duties in their life, and need to be responsible as long as they live with others in the society. People need to work to earn income for effective living, and need to attend medical appointments in a consistence manner to ensure that treatment is effective (Boire and Kevin 171). Since many people take Marijuana as medicine to the illnesses they need to follow appointments for effective treatment and recovery. If a patient can forget an appointment as a result of smoking Marijuana a medicine,then it means that the medicine does the patient more harm than good because the more Marijuana is taken to treat the more the loss of memory a greater problem. Use of Marijuana as a medicine need to be stopped, and be substituted with more effective medicines which reduces the patients illness, rather than adding more serious conditions. This can only be achieved by banning medical Marijuana dispensaries to cut the supply of Marijuana. Studies show that Marijuana impairs mental dexterity and visual skills. This has causes many problems and deaths in Santa Clarita. For example, users of Marijuana are not restricted from driving and riding (Cole 8). What happens is they use Marijuana and drive, or operate other machines. This causes many accidents and injuries in the city. Literature shows that use of Marijuana leads to systemic hypertension and can impair peripheral vasomotor, reflexes and nerves. It influences blood flow to the central nervous system, and limits the auto regulation of cerebral vascular Habitual users have show to be at a risk of stroke as a result of poor blood circulation in the central nervous system. Analysis made on the respiratory system of habitual users of Marijuana shows that Marijuana smoke deposits large amounts of tar in the lungs and the bronchioles. When smoked, the smokers hold s the smoke for some time. Similar studies show that the users of Marijuana have an increased mortality rate and a decreased life expectancy (Crotty 177). This is a threat to Santa Clarita, since the city is under crime, health and financial crisis as a result of increased use of Marijuana. Summary Analysis of the medical benefits of Marijuana particularly in Santa Clarita, it is clear that it has more harm to the users and the society at large. Smoking Marijuana influences the criminal behavior in the city, causes physical and psychological harm to users and their neighbors, increases death and mortality rate, and retards the economic development of the city. This shows that it is better to prohibit the use of Marijuana, and substitute it with other medicines which can effectively treat similar conditions and illnesses with little side effects to the user, and the entire society. This explains the reason why the City Council of Santa Clarita, and the Federal Law vote for ban of medical Marijuana dispensary. References: Boire, Richard and Kevin, Feeney. Medical Marijuana Law. New York: Ronin, 2007. Brust, JCM. Neurological aspects of Marijuana abuse. Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993. Cole, Spencer. New research on street drugs. Boston: Nova, 2006. Crotty, William. Americas choice 2000. New York: Westview,2001. DrugSense FOCUS Alert. Medicinal marijuana a mine field March 29, 2001. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel. May 15, 2008 mapinc. org/alert/0201. html Earleywine,Mitchell. Marijuana and the costs of prohibition. New York: Oxford University,2006. Gieringer,Dale. Medical use of Cannabis in California. California: Haworth , 2002. Indalecio, Lozano. Therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa. Cannabis Therapeutics 1. 1 (2001): 68-70 Institute of medicine. Marijuana as Medicine? : Science beyond Controversy. 2000. NAS. May 15, 2008 http://books. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=9586page=38 Jan, Ziegler. Medical use of Marijuana. Hospitals and health networks 71. 12 (1997):40-45 Marijuana Policy Project. California and National organization for reform of Marijuana Laws. 2007. CANORML. org and NORML. com. May 15, 2008 webehigh. com/city/detail. php? CITYID=2335 Schrag, Peter. California: Americas High-stakes Experiment. California: University of California, 2008. Shohov, Tatiana. Medical use of Marijuana. Boston: Nova, 2003. Signal. Santa Clarita should leave the weed to the West side. Apr. 23, 2006. Signal Newspapers Opinion. May 15, 2008 http://forums. cannabisculture. com/forums/ubbthreads. php? ubb=showflatNumber=1164228 Weedguru. Negative medical effects. May 15,2007. Weedguru. com. May 15, 2008 weedguru. com/agamed. ph Zachariah SB. Stroke after heavy marijuana smoking. Stroke. 22 (1991): 408.

Group Meeting Minutes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Group Meeting Minutes - Essay Example UML were used to describe the current system on how it operates. Use case were in this study used to demonstrate this below are the minutes of the group that took place while looking at this case study. Further consultations about the group activities were done via social media where we created a group page on Facebook. Members with issues, suggestions could raise it here before or after the meeting. [Inception Phase Meeting 1] [ Group Name] Date: 5/31/2015 Location: Lab Group Members Present: Abdu, chairperson Benjamin, Benson, Emily assistant chairperson Fatima Hassan, Jason, Jennifer, Joseph, Karen organizing secretary to the group Shirntel 1. First Agenda Item The first meeting was held in a class with an aim of Identifying the need or usefulness of a project. The group members were to establish the following a. Establish a vision for the solution or enhancements planned b. Develop a business case statement for the project Decision(s): 1. The group agreed on a project which is a Fitness Centre that is planning to upgrade it information system to have modern and up-to-date cards for its members and backup procedures for its data. The group was to evaluate the current system what it does with an aim of proposing an appropriate upgraded system for the clients. 2. The vision for the project was established which was To Provide Better Services to the Clients. 2. Second Agenda Item Members sought to establish the requirements and the scope of the project which they had decided to undertake. The agenda was to: 1. Initial list of requirements 2. Identify scope or boundary of the new system or system enhancement Decision(s): a) The listed the initial requirements of the project as: i. Having the knowledge of the previous system, how the customers accomplish their tasks using the system. ii. Having the estimated time for the installing of the new project iii. Having possible tasks that will take place iv. Cost estimations from the time, tasks and what is already avai lable. How will the new system improve service satisfaction to the members and how will the staff benefit from the new system. 3. Third Agenda Item Develop preliminary schedules indicating areas of individual interests Decision(s): b) The following schedules and individual tasks were established Task Assigned Individual Responsible Additional Information Requirement engineering Benson, Jennifer Analyzing the user requirements Feasibility study Jennifer, Karen Study if the system is doable System analysis Jason, Emily & Benson Analyse the current system and define the system requirements according to priority Scheduling of the tasks to be done Joseph, Abdu, Hassan, Fatima Looking at what the group should do. UML designs Karen, Emily & Shirntel Design the system basing on the methodology(incremental) Looking the benefits of the new system Abdul, Benjamin, Emily Looking at the cons and pros of the proposed system in terms of cost and services delivery Presentation of the analysis to th e tutor/class All the team members The findings of the current and proposed systems Minutes prepared by: [Karen / Date ] Minutes Approved: [Abdul , signature] [Inception Phase Meeting 2] [ Group Name] Date: 5/31/2015 Location: Lab Group Members Present: Abdu, chairperson Benjamin, Benson, Emily assistant chairperson Fatima Hassan, Jason, Jennifer, Joseph, Karen organizing secretary to the group Shirntel 1. First Agenda Item Notes: the main objective of this second meeting was to allocate responsibilities to

Comparing the CO2 in the school carpark and the field during the day Lab Report

Comparing the CO2 in the school carpark and the field during the day and after school day - Lab Report Example The results were obtained from an accurate and tested carbon dioxide meter. With an increase in the number of cars at the car park picking up students after school, there is an increase in CO2 emission to the environment as compared to times when there are no cars on the compound. Burning fossil fuel is the main source of energy to power the vehicles and that means with more vehicles around the compound burning fuel for energy, more CO2 gets released to the environment. Fossil fuels contain elements like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen among others. They release carbon monoxide when burning which mixes with oxygen in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide. The smoke released from the exhaust pipes of vehicles are essentially carbon dioxide and since they are not trapped in any way, they get released directly to the environment. As many cars park or move around the carpark, the amount of CO2 released directly to the surrounding environment increases. Also, even when the vehicles are not in motion, the engine is still hot and the fuels continue to evapor ate and release CO2. Controlled variables: The carbon dioxide meter. The meter had to be checked to ensure that the initial measure was standard. To ensure no errors were present, different devices were used and the results compared in order to detect any variances which would indicate an error. The CO2 sensor mounted on the stand is placed outside around the carpark and the field area with free air circulation. The sensor was fastened on the clamp stand with the adhesive tape. The digital surveillance cameras were set at strategic locations to ensure that every car driving to the car park was noted and measurement recorded after every thirty minutes timed by the stopwatch. The recordings should be done between 10 a.m-12 p.m. and 3 p.m-5p.m after school. That means that recordings will be taken 4 times during the

Public Bus Transportation In Kota Kinabalu

Public Bus Transportation In Kota Kinabalu Currently, bus is the main public transportation in the city of Kota Kinabalu. Despite being perceived as less comfortable, less physically attractive, non-punctual and unsafe, it still functioning to bring passengers to their destinations. This research paper aims to provide a critical overview of the public bus importance at the past, present and future time. It is crucial to identify the reason why bus is important in providing commuting service to the citizen since this information is a useful input to the policy maker. The reasons for its importance are discussed together with several issues such as public bus current level of performance, increasing number of private vehicle on road and the absence of specific plan to improve public bus transportation. This study is qualitative in nature where data were mostly derived from observation and secondary sources. The preliminary studys findings showed public bus is an important mode of public transportation in Kota Kinabalu in the pa st and the present and is likely to continue to be so in the foreseeable future due to the demand from the low income earners, wide destination coverage and concern for the increasing price of car fuel as well as to traffic congestion problem. Therefore, the government should seriously consider the bus in the public transportation planning by providing specific plan for its future development. Keywords: public transportation system, public bus, public transport planning INTRODUCTION Tran and Kleiner (2005) cited in Belwal and Belwal (2010), public transportation is defined as transportation by a conveyance that provides continuing general or special transportation to the public; excluding school buses, charter and sightseeing service. An efficient transportation system is one of the basic components of the social, economic, and physical structure in the urbanized society and it has to be competitive and attractive to the transit seekers (Ibid). It is essential for every government all over the world to develop better transportation system for its citizens. Better system is a system that is able to provide affordable, attractive, comfortable, punctual and safe commuting services to the citizens. According to Nandi (2008), an ideal transport system is a system that had been fully integrated, able to provide safe transport network, supports social and economic regeneration and ensures good access for all which, is operated to the highest standards to protect the en vironment and ensure quality of life. It is a dream for every government and citizen to have efficient transportation system. To realize the dream, continuous effort should be made. Long run strategy should be to manage for the growth of transport demand to provide for the efficient movement of people and goods. Bus service is indeed important since it provides mobility for all since many people do not have access to cars it is also increase person capacity in heavily traveled corridors and it preserves urban land for more productive use and is more energy efficient than driving (Levinson, 2000). In his study, bus is not only providing line-haul and feeder services, offer special transit service for the elderly and handicapped and in the very large cities but they also complement and feed rail transit lines. In United State of America, public transportation is commonly associated with the nations major urban-area subway (heavy-rail) or commuter-rail systems, approximately 59 percent of all public transportation trips are carried on buses (Cambridge Systematics Inc, 2008). Therefore, maintaining and improving bus service will be essential in keeping urban areas vital and vibrant in the years ahead. The basic purpose to develop the public transportation is to help the citizens to make a trip easily and ensure the normal operation of fundamentals social organizations and their activities as well as brings enhancements to the city environment in a quite comprehensive range. () At the moment in Malaysia, significant improvement on public transportation had only been seen in several main cities such as Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang. The difference of these cities from the others is that, apart from having various option of modern transportation such as LRT and Monorail System, they also have an integrated bus system namely RapidKL and RapidPenang which are characterized by attractive appearance, strict monitoring system, standardization and reliable schedule. In the city of Kota Kinabalu, the capital city of Sabah, bus is the main public transportation. However, public bus performance is below par in terms of comfort, physical appearance, punctuality and safety. It is believed that the effective and robust public bus transportation service provision is crucial and necessary in realizing the objective of the 6th National Key Result Area (NKRA) which is aimed to increase the utilization rate and to sustain the Malaysia transport system (Jayaraman et. al., 2011 ). Public bus transportation is important not only to provide commuting services to the people but also facilitate the growth of economy in a city. It creates accessibility to business to market their goods and services. Since the last three decades, government at federal, state and local levels has formulated and implemented various plans to improve public transportation but there is still no significant improvement have been seen on the bus service. In addition, the increasing number of private cars on roads shows the shift in preference of people from using a public bus into driving their own personal car. The aim of this paper is to provide critical overview of the importance of public bus. This finding is important for planning purpose. Since there are very few studies deeply discussed about its importance, the findings will contribute to the body knowledge in the public bus literature. The public transportation available in Kota Kinabalu city is only public bus and taxi. The fact that, the public bus is more utilized by the public because of its lower cost indicates its importance. PROBLEM STATEMENT Since the last three decades, government at federal, state and local levels has formulated and implemented various plan to improve public transportation in Kota Kinabalu City but there is still no significant improvement can be been seen especially relating to the bus service. Furthermore, the increasing number of private cars on roads shows the shift in preference of people from using a public bus into driving their own personal car. The question is why this happen? Is bus not as important to the local residents as it use to be? The aim of this paper is to provide critical overview of the importance of public bus to the people. The finding of this research is important for policy planning purpose. Besides, it provides the body knowledge in bus transportation literature since there is only few study deeply discussed about its importance. It is believed that the effective and robust public bus transportation service provision is crucial and necessary in realizing the objective of the 6th NKRA which is aimed to increase the utilization rate and to sustain the Malaysia transport system (Jayaraman et. al., 2011). METHODOLOGY For data collection, the methodology used in this study was limited to observation and secondary data only. The observation method was conducted on daily basis from 1st August 2012 to 15st September 2012. Large amount of information was collected from local newspaper report especially from Sabah Times, Daily Express and Borneo Post. Official documents such as policy statements were part of the data collected. Through these methods, thorough analyses regarding the importance of public bus in Kota Kinabalu at the present and future time were made. REASONS FOR IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION IN KOTA KINABALU Demands from Low Income Earner Low-income groups tend to use their car relatively less often (Steg, 2003). In the city of Kota Kinabalu, the bus service is highly demanded by the low income earner (monthly income below RM2300) although the public bus service is poor in terms of comfort, punctuality and safety. In the 1990s, bus was considered important because few people could afford to buy car. Presently, bus is still needed by the low income earners. Owning car has been greatly facilitated recently through simpler car loan procedure. However, although this facilitated the low and medium income earners to own car, some of them may still do not want to buy car because of other important commitments such as household expenditure and utility expenditure. As a result, they still need to take bus to go to their workplace and even for outing purposes. Thus, bus is important to their daily life. In Kota Kinabalu, certain residential areas which are populated mostly by low income earners such as Kuala Menggatal, Taman In dah Permai, Taman Sri Maju, Universiti Apartment Phase 1 and Phase 2 are relying on the bus service for transportation. Daily observation that had been made on 1st August 2012 until 1st September 2012 at these residential areas, it was found that most of residents work as laborers, chefs, nurses, salespersons, promoters and waiters used bus to go to the workplace. Wide Destination Coverage Public bus has wider destinations coverage encompassing both the urban and sub-urban areas compared to LRT and Monorail, which have fixed routes. Therefore their destination coverage is limited. The bus has important role not only to accommodate the transport needs of the increasing commuters but also as feed as in routes not covered by these modern transportation systems. Eventhough in Kuala Lumpur modern transportation networks namely Kereta Api Tanah Melayu (KTM), Monorail System and LRT, pub bus is still being used to take passengers to the KTM, LRT and Monorail stations and terminals. Due to the need of feeder service and to improve the existing public transportation system, RapidKL was then decided in 2004, took over the main part of transportation in the city. In Kota Kinabalu, bus is important in the absence of modern transportation and the role it plays will become challenging once the modern rail system introduced. The table show below indicates the zones covered by the pub lic bus transportation at Kota Kinabalu in 2006. Concern to the Price of Car Fuel The concern of car users about increasing fuel price also contributes to the continued importance of public bus service. Malaysias public transportation especially public bus is perceived of unable to meet citizens needs satisfactorily. Many claim that if the public transport is improved, they are willing to use it instead of paying for outrageous petrol prices and tolls and ending up stuck in traffic jams (Kambala, 2007). The question is, when bus services improved in Kota Kinabalu, will the local citizens willing to shift from using private vehicle into the public one? From the literature, it was found that public bus will be a critical travelling option among the private car user when the price of the fuel increases. When fuel price increase, the monthly spending will increase and the probability of people shifting from the using their own car to take the public bus will increase. Public bus still become the option for the residents irrespective the income background especially wh en the price of fuel has increased and their monthly salary cannot cover all the expenses. Problem of Traffic Congestion Based on the data provided by the statistic department in a survey of Sabah household in 2009, more than 50% of the residents in Kota Kinabalu go to work by personal automobile while the rest use the public bus or other modes. The increasing number of private vehicles on roads has caused congestion and pollution. The growing community concerns about traffic congestion, sprawl, air pollution, and sustainability, the progressive revitalization of cities and towns, and continued advances in transport technology demand for better bus transit in the new century (Levinson, 2000). In another observation done in Likas, Sepanggar and Sulaman from 15th August 2012 to 15th September 2012, it was found that there traffic congestions during peak hours. The peak hours in Kota Kinabalu during weekdays is range from 7.00 to 8.30 in the morning, and noon12.00 to 2.00pm and 4.30 to 7.00 at the evening. It was also found that, the roads in Sepanggar, Inanam and Likas area are most congested during peak hour. Currently, most of people still insist to use their car. People will only shift to public bus if the public bus system is reliable. Reliable here means available everywhere, arrive on time, cheap as well as safe and comfortable to be used. According to Lo Su Yin, the head of Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia (PAM) Sabah, the medium and long term solution for the problem of traffic congestion is a well planned public transport system Transport for tertiary level students Young people are regular user of public bus transportation especially at tertiary level students. The Chief Executive of Passenger Focus, Anthony Smith, quoted a research that showed almost 50 percent of bus passengers are under 29, making the bus very much a young persons product and more than 50 percent of students frequently use the bus and depend on it to go to their education or training premise (The Telegraph, 2012). As a center of education in the state of Sabah, the number of student in Kota Kinabalu is high. Most of them neither have car nor driving license to drive car. Thus, they are totally dependence on the public bus service. Furthermore, it was found that many students stayed at Sepanggar, Likas, Sembulan and city center such as students from Universiti Teknologi Mara as well as from Advanced Management and Technology Centre (PTPL), Cosmopoint College, Masterskill College, Mahsa College, Sabah Foundation College, and Polytechnics. Due to large population of students in Kota Kinabalu, public bus is important to fulfill their transport needs. For example, University students from Universiti Teknologi Mara Sabah branch, always use the public bus transport (operated by Tuaran United Transport Company Sdn Bhd) to go to the centre of the city during weekends for outing purpose. DISCUSSION The findings of this paper are in line with the findings of previous research. For example, according to Madzlan and Nookfakhriah (2010), public bus transportation is important to help reduce traffic congestion, save money and time, as well as to reduce pollution. There are no commuters or train services that provide full coverage of transportation in Kota Bharu unlike Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley (Ibid). Therefore, demand for public bus service is very high in this city. In Kota Bharu and Penang, where the commuter train service is not available, the public bus is the major means for its population. The Kota Kinabalu City Hall (KKCH) Strategic Plan 2011-2015, focus more on upgrading and improving the infrastructure of the public bus transportation system. For example plans to build uniform bus stop, 45 Lay-by for bus (to be completed in 2012), upgrading the Terminal Wawasan at the centre of town (to be completed in 2012), Terminal at the North, Inanam (to be completed in 2015), Inter Terminal Link at Stadium Likas, Masjid Bandaraya and Masjid Negeri (to be accomplished in 2015), Terminal Kepayan at the South, (to be accomplished in 2015) and Park Ride facilities. In 2011, some of the project has been implemented under the Public Transportation Financial Group fund, where RM8 million spent to upgrade the Wawasan Bus Terminal and RM5 million to establish a lay-by bus and taxi in the city (Sabah Times, 2011). The public transportation central plan also include the plan to develop water taxi, monorail system, rail system (Kota Kinabalu Structure Plan 2030). The plan to build the Park and Ride facilities, the upgrading terminals, adding more bus stations, establishment of LRT and Monorail system as well as plan to develop water taxi service indicated the intention of the government to provide better public transportation in the city. The government has done several improvements on bus but these efforts are not commensurate with the importance of public bus to the general public in Kota Kinabalu. In other word, the government has not done enough to improve the bus system service. Transportation system in this city will not work effectively and efficiently if the public bus system is not significantly improved. That is, the public buses need to be continuously maintained, clean, safe and comfortable to be used as well as punctual and always available. For the time being, public bus plays impo rtant role as the main public transportation in Kota Kinabalu. However, poor performance and a lack of proper management of bus are existing problems that yet to be solved. It is more preferable if the government finds solutions to the existing problems. The bus system should be improved first before developing new alternative modes of transportation. In the NKRA, there is also no clear and specific statement regarding the budget allocated to improve public bus transportation in the urban areas such as Kota Kinabalu apart from Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley. It is because no matter how modern mode of transportation that is planned to be established, public bus still have a place in urban and sub-urban areas. Due to its importance, public bus deserves to get more attention from all levels of government. It deserves to have specific budget allocation not only from the local government but from the federal and state governmenst as well. Based on the findings, several issues regarding bus transportation need to be addressed. Bus is important at the present and likely to be so in the foreseeable future. However, the findings of this study support previous study findings that certain issues need to be addressed for better bus service performance. For example, performance of public bus under private companies operation. It was found that, public transportation is poor when it was operated by the private company (Nicosia, 2001). According to Imran (2009), one of the failures of public transport policies is overstating the role of the private sector in public transport. In Kota Kinabalu, public buses are operated by private companies and there are complaints about the lack of comfort, maintenance, punctuality and safety. On the other hand, the bus system in Kuala Lumpur is mainly operated by RapidKL which is owned by the government. In Malacca, the state government takes over the operation of public bus transportation from the private authorities. Public transportation service will continue to be inefficient under the hand of private companies and the problems associated with it will be unresolved if there no aggressive intervention from the government sides. For example, in 1992, the large scale bus privatization without adequate regulation and coordination had created many problems in Delhi such as lengthy, zig-zag routes, long waiting times, completely unrel iable service, extreme overcrowding, illegal drivers, and speeding and reckless driving, competitions among buses, poor bus maintenance, lack of safety, noisy, and highly polluting which, add to the already severe congestion, safety, and air pollution problems (Putcher et al., 2004). Another issue that needs to be addressed is the increasing number of private vehicles on the roads. Public bus can be part of the solutions. However, it will never replace the dominant use of private car if no aggressive effort to improve the public bus system is made. For example, according to OToole (2011), buses will probably never replace the auto ­mobile as the dominant form of transporta ­tion in the United States of America unless with the use of the new-model buses which is significantly less expensive than driv ­ing. Only when the bus system in Kota Kinabalu City is restructured, people start continuously to shift from the use of private cars. Thus, the reasons of public bus transportations importance should be learned together with these issues so that actual situation for public bus transportation in this city would be able to be identified. CONCLUSION Public bus transportation is important in the past as well as the present time and will continue to be so in the foreseeable future due to the demand from the low income earners, tertiary level students, the public bus system wide destination coverage, concern for the increasing price of car fuel as well as traffic congestion problem. This research is only part of larger research where only the importance of the public bus system is discussed. Based on data collected so far, there is enough evidence to suggest the importance and the continuous importance of public bus transportation system.

Continuities and Chnages of Labor Systems in Africa Essay

Many attempts have been made around the world at reforming current legal systems in search of a better one. As the amount of crime rises worldwide, people are constantly on the lookout for new and improved ways to fight it, and prevent it. Three such attempts involving attempts to change legal systems have been discussed the last half of this course. The change from the system put in place when a country was under colonization, as in Kilamanjaro, and Papa New Guinea. An attempt to revert to the historically cultural ways of dealing with conflict, as in China and India. In addition, an attempt by the more modern industrialized societies to become more attuned to the people with whom they are trying to help, as in Japan, and Santa Anna. By studying these examples and implementing one of them, almost any kind of stagnant legal system can attempt to change for the better. Many countries were colonized throughout the history of the world, by more dominant countries. These colonizing countries often only wanted the newly acquired country for the land, resources, or the labor they could offer. Often these colonizers brought into the new country their style of government and law, neglecting the native people. Many times, this new system caused many of the problems in the colonized country. Two examples of a country being colonized and the subsequent changes that occurred once the colonizers left are in Kilamanjaro and in Papa New Guinea. Kilamanjaro was colonized first by the Germans in the mid 1880’s, and then by the British during WWI, and finally gained independence in 1961 (Tanzania). Each country brought with it their own system of government and law, and attempted to impose these on the people of Kilamanjaro. To the native people, land is extremely important, and often the cause of many conflicts. There are two different types of farmland on the mountain, a high one and a low one, and coffee is the dominant cash crop. Since there isn’t enough prime farming land for everybody, a system of patriarchal lineage developed where the male would give his existing compound to his oldest son, and move somewhere else inviting his youngest so to live with him, and have the farm upon his death. If there was a middle son, he was forced to operate independently. As the population continues to grow rapidly, inevitably, stress has begun to compound this system; there just isn’t enough land for all the people. This led to many conflicts arising over who actually owns land, since it was essential to the survival of the people. Historically the chief was the most important people in Kilamanjaro, as he is responsible for several districts over an area. Chiefs controlled the long distance profitable trade, received half of the cattle fro the wars, could at any time call on his people to help do anything such as build a fence, and sometimes even received an extra child from his people to use as another worker. These chiefs were often fair people, they believed in not squeezing the poor but taxing the rich. They wanted to help the poor, and create a mutuality situation between them and the rich. When it came to conflict resolution chiefs were able to settle disputes, but often didn’t, as many people tried to keep the dispute with in their own family or lineage. They went to the elders instead and sought their advice. A case would go to the chiefs only if deemed necessary by the elders. Under the German period of occupation, this system was altered. They insisted on recognizing the customary law and ruling through the chiefs. However they didn’t really let the chiefs have any power. The Germans took over the long distance trade, wiped out warfare, and stripped from the chiefs their whole base of their power. The chiefs whole basis of power under this system was the fact the Germans recognized them as powerful. Things changed however under the British system. The British saw themselves as more advanced, and thus wanted to civilize the Africans, and help them to create a better system. What they created was a system of duality, where they used traditional law for minor infractions, and British law for the serious crimes. This again takes the power out of the traditional cultural ways of solving disputes, and places it in the colonizers. The Germans took over economically, and the British, while still taking over economically they changed the whole cultural system as well. The British sought to understand the true customary laws of the Africans, and to write them down as a means of reference for settling disputes, a practice which for centuries was never done, yet the locals always managed to solve disputes. They implemented a system of modern British laws, including imposing a statute of limitations on cases. This contradicted with the customary way the Africans dealt with things in the law. The British also wanted to systemize the law, emphasize the rule of the law, and impose their own decisions on local problems. The British also formed a duel court system, one for whites and another for Africans, as an attempt at allowing the locals to retain some form of their historical past. Overall, the British system was naive and morally based, not the way the Africans traditionally operated. Their system, of viewing everything as static and unchanging was too radical for the indigenous people to comprehend. Their whole existence has been based on the cultural laws of their people, and the implementation of those laws as elders, or chiefs saw fit. The local laws were multidimensional and could be seen in different context by the natives at different times, with the British wanting to write everything down and operate from this system of written law, the system changed and the ability of the customary law to change with the times change to. Another example of a colonizing situation was in New Guinea, where it was recently colonized by Europeans. As was the case with the Africans, New Guinea was a farming community, and thus, viewed land as an important commodity. They have a traditional system of â€Å"Big Man† government, no chiefs just several big men who represent the power and authority in the area. They emphasized self-help, and negotiation in their resolving conflicts, but also used the threat of fighting, and the actual fights themselves as a means of resolution. New Guinea differs from Africa in that the Europeans attempted to be less intrusive into their way of life. They patrolled the areas where the people lived, erasing the system of contacts that had been developed among the people. They tried not to be heavy handed but at the same time ruined the connections made between the people that was essential for their resolving disputes. Warfare was looked down upon, and thus the traditional way of resolving disputes was radically erased from the land. Even though the Europeans were trying to be fair and let the traditional system work, they didn’t understand it. They didn’t realize that these conflicts and connections were crucial to the traditional system and was needed for it to be able to operate. These two examples show the problems that colonizers have with trying to impose modernization on a society as remote and backwards as these. They have existed for centuries by their own terms, why should they change now. Legal systems change for reasons other than a dominating colonizing power forcing them to. In China for example, there has long been a history of mediation as a means of settling disputes. This history of mediation was based on the Confucianism, an ideology that emphasizes harmony and respect for one another, along with a hierarchy in all the cosmos, meaning that it emphasized people respecting and getting along with one another, even when settling disputes. It also emphasized that certain people were indeed higher in stature than others were. Mediation under this system placed a strong emphasis on the ritual, and ceremony of settling disputes. Each party in the process has a particular role, and each party is expected to perform in that role. This concept was based on the Li, or the philosophical principle that called for respect and social form. This type of mediation allowed people to save face, and not to publicly admit to wrongdoing. Once the conflict was settled, the issues surrounding the original debate were never discussed again and the party’s left happy with the sense of community restored. This traditional system worked well to preserve the community of the in the traditional sense of the Chinese culture. When communism came into power this system of mediation was preserved, however, slightly altered. It became known as â€Å"comrades court,† which involved many people with anyone having the ability to mediate. This was a very tight association between social mediation and political ideology. It was an extreme form of exclusive mediation, as Greenhouse would have categorized it. It consisted of the political ideology being very influential, and no longer just trying to deal with the interests of the parties involved. Its goal was to educate the population in the beliefs of the government, and resolve the conflicts as quickly and efficiently as possible. Like the old system the face to face part of the process was still in use, however, one didn’t know who would end up getting involved in the mediation process, and often the people feared that the government would get involved and punish them severely, possibly even by death. For this reason many people were afraid of the system and opted not to use it as readily as they had the traditional. With the opening up of China to outside influences, the system has lightly changed as well, although it is nowhere near, where it was before communism. It is still used as the first means of resolving conflicts, however, the vast majority of these cases are being dealt with on the localized level, causing many to feel more at ease with the situation. These local mediation communities are still under heavy control of the communist party, as the â€Å"judges† are often placed there by the party itself. Disputes since the rise of communism have been classified into two categories, those involving ordinary citizens, and those involving crimes against the state. It is where the crime is directed against the state that the process of mediation is pretty much thrown out and the accused is severely punished, prompting the fear of the public. Within both systems, mediation plays a major role, as does the bias against the use of law as a means of resolving disputes. This has led to the widespread acceptance of the mediation system under communist regime even though it differs from the traditional form of mediation. A major difference between the two systems is the way they each look at the conflict itself. In the traditional early period, conflict was seen as unavoidable, and they worked to ensure there wouldn’t be future conflicts. In the communist period, they tend to see conflict as important and productive and don’t attempt to appease all the parties involved in a dispute upon settling it. The major difference however, as it is in most other aspects of Chinese life, is the involvement of the state. In traditional times the state was never involved, maybe occasionally, nowadays the state plays a major role, often squashing any of the traditional characteristics of the system. The state wants its influence to be recognized, its voice to be heard, where as in the past it used to be the voice of the people that was most important, and led to the resolutions lasting and everyone being satisfied by them. The process now, while it may be inexpensive and not involving the courts, is very intrusive into peoples lives, and imposes political values on the people who bring their cases to mediation. Is it better then the traditional sense? I don’t know if it is or not, it is very similar, but much like the rest of China the government sought more control in the everyday affairs of the people, and that is what is happening. A similar situation occurred in India, where there existed a complex system of conflict resolution, but upon the government wanting to modernize the country, most was thrown out. India is also another country that has been colonized, and draws a lot of its government from the British. However, once colonization ended for them, the newly free government had to decide whether or not to revert to the traditional practices of the Jati, or attempt to bring Indian law into the 21st century. Many of the hierarchy of society at the time India was granted freedom were legal professionals from the British days. They wanted to implement a British style of legal system, mainly for their own material gains, as they would be the ones who would be called on as lawyers, and judges. Many people within India opposed this system, seeing it as the culture of the oppressor. They sought to eradicate this system from their country completely. However, as the years of colonization passed the British system gradually became fused with features of the local tradition, especially the local courts system. It became less of an oppressive system and more of a working one. Today the British system has become domesticated to the Indian ways of doing things and a hybrid system has developed. It no longer seems so alien to so many Indians. This example is similar to the Chinese example as the governments of each country are trying to deal with change. In China when the communists took over they only wanted to slightly alter the existing system of mediation, while in India when the British left, the new government only wanted to slightly change the existing system. In both cases, little change was made, only enough to take into consideration the new ideologies of the new government. There is however, a strong backlash against the British system in terms of how it deals with marriage law, but I am choosing not to discuss this issue because it is abstract from the points that I am trying to make. Legal systems also change as they are deemed to be unresponsive, and to out of touch, a is the case in many of the industrialized societies of today. Two examples exist of how changes in the way police are conducting their trade has led to improvements within the society, Japan, and Santa Ana California. The Japanese have made their police much more visible, and eadily available to the public, when compared to the typical American city. This has led to them being much more accepted by the Japanese public than the American police are by our public. They have, for a long time now, abandoned the motorized form of policing in a car, and have instead opted for foot patrols. This brings the actual officer out onto the street, and gets him more involved in the affairs of the people, enabling him to be better capable of stopping trouble before it starts. The whole emphasis on the way the Japanese police has been placed in their continuing efforts to integrate with the community. A system of Kuban’s has been developed as a place in the community where a small number of officers are stationed. There are several Koban through out Japan, as they are the basis for the policing process. These Koban have various connections with various community groups and organization, further placing the public behind the police. Similarly, in Santa Anna California, a new system has been adopted to better integrate the police force with the people they are trying to serve. During the racially tensed 1960’s the police department in the city became very out of touch with the needs of the people in Santa Anna. Police officers began to see themselves as the only form of law, and began to enact their own brand of justice. Public opinion of the department went down, as did the relationship between the department and the public. The city therefore hired a new chief whom implemented several new community oriented policies all aimed at trying to restore the trust of the public. He divided the city into four grids’ and flooded each with police officers, in an attempt to make the police more accessible to the public, and their concerns. He also hired several new citizens to act as officers, without the official tag of being police officers. They handled many of the mundane tasks of police work, which freed up more officers to be out in the public, exposing themselves, and attempting to prevent crime. Due to the large foreign speaking population, he also hired several citizens who could speak the languages of the people, thus making the department more accessible to those who previously have been closed out due to language barriers. Buildings were set up as a neighborhood control center for the police, but also lent it to many community functions. These buildings, which were very similar to the Koban in Japan, were an attempt to invite the public in and welcome them into the police world. As in Japan, the public was welcomed in and encouraged to make complaints, give information about possible criminal activity, or just sit down and get to know the officers. All of this was done in an attempt to win over the public, and make them feel more comfortable with the police department. It is very similar to the way the Japanese system is set up in that they both work from the grassroots level, using the human resources approach rather than an authoritative system, and the strong desire to integrate with the community, and make them feel more comfortable with the police. As I have demonstrated, changes have taken place in legal systems around the world, some for the better and some not. However, they all end up, in one way or another to reflect the belief that traditional methods are best. Without any inclusion of traditional methods law itself wouldn’t be able to be applied to masses of people.